Classification of Satellite Photographs Utilizing the K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm
Keywords:
K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm, Kohonen Maps, Clustering, Topological, Classification Technique
Abstract
Categorizing the various components of a satellite image is necessary for producing thematic maps, which requires the image to be analysed and classified first. We have suggested making use of Kohonen maps, which are able to train themselves utilising techniques of unsupervised and competitive learning in order to make this process more effective than the alternatives that came before it. The previous K-medoid clustering method is outperformed by these maps, which allow for more accurate picture categorization. The clustering functionality is handled by the Kohonen network, which does this by automatically analysing the similar characteristics of the pixels and allocating them to the same class as their similar counterparts. In addition to this, it helps reduce the dimensionality of the data. We have combined this with the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classification technique, which is the one that is used the most frequently, in order to finally classify the processed data as being either irrigation land, green land, arid land, or aqua..
References
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2. S.Chitra, N.Kumaratharan, S.Ramesh, “A novel subspace method for precise carrier frequency offset estimation in multicarrier modulation scheme under multiuser environment,” International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 33, no. 17, pp. e4608, 1-16, 2020.
3. V. Satheesh Kumar, S. Ramesh, “Implementation of High-Q Embedded Band Pass Filter in Wireless Communication,” Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 2191-2200, 2023.
4. K. Schindler, "An Overview and Comparison of Smooth Labeling Methods for Land-Cover Classification," in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 4534-4545, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2192741.
5. Ramesh, S., Rama Rao, T., “Indoor channel characterization studies for V-band gigabit wireless communications using dielectric-loaded exponentially tapered slot antenna,” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1243-1251, 2016.
6. Ramesh, S., Rama Rao, T., “Millimeter wave dielectric loaded exponentially tapered slot antenna array using substrate integrated waveguide for gigabit wireless communications,” Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 513-519, 2015.
7. G. Cheng, Z. Li, L. Guo, and Z. Wei, X. Yao(2018) “Remote sensing image scene classification using a bag of convolutional features,” IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens.
8. Dingsheng Wan, HaoWu, Jial Zhu, Shijin Li(2016) “ An effective feature selection method for hypoerspectural image classification based on genetic algorithm and support vector machine”, Science Direct Book and Journals, Knowledge Based System, Volume 24, Issue 1
9. V. Satheesh Kumar, S. Ramesh, “LCP Based Planar High Q Embedded Band Pass Filter for Wireless Applications,” Journal of Mobile Multimedia, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 307-318, 2018.
10. K. Kayalvizhi, S. Ramesh, “Design and Analysis of Reactive Load Dipole Antenna using Genetic Algorithm Optimization,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 279-287, 2020.
11. J. Jayalakshmi, S. Ramesh, “Compact Fractal wearable Antenna for Wireless Body Area Communications,” International Journal of Telecommunications and Radio Engineering, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 71-80, 2020.
12. S. Ramesh, T. Rama Rao, “High Gain Dielectric loaded Exponentially Tapered Slot Antenna Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide for V-Band Wireless Communications,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 870-880, 2014.
13. M. Vanitha, S. Ramesh, S. Chitra, “Wearable Antennas for Remote Health Care Monitoring System Using 5G Wireless Technologies,” International Journal of Telecommunications and Radio Engineering, vol. 78, no. 14, pp. 1275-1285, 2019.
14. Chitra S, Kumaratharan N, Ramesh S, “Enhanced brain image retrieval using carrier frequency offset compensated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for Telemedicine applications,” International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, vol.28, no.3, pp. 186-195, 2018.
15. A. Mitra and S. Shukla, "An Empirical Study on Availability of Rural Health Care Services in Zarol Village as per the Indian Public Health Standards," Independent Journal of Management & Production (IJM&P), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 216, Jan.-Feb. 2019.
16. J. Krishna Das, A. Das and J. Rosak-Szyrocka, "A Hybrid Deep Learning Technique for Sentiment Analysis in E-Learning Platform with Natural Language Processing," 2022 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), Split, Croatia, 2022, pp. 1-7.
17. Das, A., Choudhury, B., Sarma, S.K. (2023). POS Tagging for the Primitive Languages of the World and Introducing a New Set of Universal POS Tagging for Sanskrit. In: Fong, S., Dey, N., Joshi, A. (eds) ICT Analysis and Applications. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 517. Springer, Singapore.
18. C. Goswami, A. Das, K. I. Ogaili, V. K. Verma, V. Singh and D. K. Sharma, "Device to Device Communication in 5G Network using Device-Centric Resource Allocation Algorithm," 2022 4th International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA), Coimbatore, India, 2022, pp. 467-472.
19. Das, A. (2022). Designing green IoT communication by adaptive spotted hyena tunicate swarm optimization‐based cluster head selection. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 33.
20. Das, A. Adaptive UNet-based Lung Segmentation and Ensemble Learning with CNN-based Deep Features for Automated COVID-19 Diagnosis. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 5407–5441 (2022).
21. Choudhury, B., Das, A. (2020). Incepting on Language Structures with Phonological and Corpus Analysis Using Multilingual Computing. In: Saha, A., Kar, N., Deb, S. (eds) Advances in Computational Intelligence, Security and Internet of Things. ICCISIoT 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1192. Springer, Singapore.
22. A. Das and M. A. Akour, "Intelligent Recommendation System for E-Learning using Membership Optimized Fuzzy Logic Classifier," 2020 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon), Pune, India, 2020, pp. 1-10, doi: 10.1109/PuneCon50868.2020.9362416.
23. Das, A., Ali Akour, M., Bahatab, A., Zin, Q. (2022). Energy-Efficient Wireless Communications Using EEA and EEAS with Energy Harvesting Schemes. In: Patgiri, R., Bandyopadhyay, S., Borah, M.D., Emilia Balas, V. (eds) Edge Analytics. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 869. Springer, Singapore.
24. Das, A., Sarma, S.K., Deka, S. (2021). Data Security with DNA Cryptography. In: Ao, SI., Gelman, L., Kim, H.K. (eds) Transactions on Engineering Technologies. Springer, Singapore.
25. Suklabaidya, M., Das, A., & Das, B. (2018). A cryptography model using hybrid encryption and decryption techniques. International Journal of Computational Intelligence & IoT, 2(4).
26. M. A. Akour and A. Das, "Developing a Virtual Smart Total Learning Environment for Future Teaching-Learning System," 2020 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE), Takamatsu, Japan, 2020, pp. 576-579.
27. A. Das and S. K. Sarma. Article: A Study on Energy Consumption in WLAN and Improving its Efficiency through an NBE-Algorithm. International Journal of Computer Applications 73(2):1-4, July 2013.
28. Das, A., & Sarma, S.K. (2014). Energy Efficiency in IEEE 802.11 standard WLAN through MWTPP. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, 16, 42-46.
29. Das. A. Das. S. A. U. Islam. (2018). Load Balancing and Congestion Control using Congestion Aware Multipath Routing Protocol (CAMRP) in Wireless Networks. International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science &Amp; Communication Engineering, 4(2), 193–198.
30. Akhilesh Kumar Sharma , Shamik Tiwari, Gaurav Aggarwal, Nitika Goenka, Anil Kumar, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, Radomir Gono, Zbigniew Leonowicz, Michal Jasiński , “Dermatologist-Level Classification of Skin Cancer Using Cascaded Ensembling of Convolutional Neural Network and Handcrafted Features Based Deep Neural Network”, IEEE Access , 10 : 17920-17932, 2022.
31. Gaurav Kumawat, Santosh Kumar Viswakarma, Prasun Chakrabarti , Pankaj Chittora, Tulika Chakrabarti , Jerry Chun-Wei Lin, “Prognosis of Cervical Cancer Disease by Applying Machine Learning Techniques”, Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, 2022.
32. Abrar Ahmed Chhipa, Prasun Chakrabarti, Vadim Bolshev , Tulika Chakrabarti , Gennady Samarin, Alexey N. Vasiyev, Sandeep Ghosh, Alexander Kudryavtsev, “Modeling and Control Strategy of Wind Energy Conversion System with Grid-Connected Doubly Fed Induction Genenator”, Energies , 15, 6694, 2022.
33. Tulika Chakrabarti, Sibabrata Mukhopadhyay, Prasun Chakrabarti, Gholamreza Hatam, Mohammad Nami, “Phenyl Ethanoid Glycoside from the Bark of Oroxylum indicum Vent: a Potential Inhibitor of DNA Topoisomerase IB of Leishmania donovani”, Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies, 2022.
34. B Prasanalakshmi , Bui Thanh Hung, Prasun Chakrabarti, Xue-bo Jin, Tulika Chakrabarti, Ahmed Elngar, “A Novel Artificial Intelligence-Based Predictive Analytics Technique to Detect Skin Cancer”, 2022.
35. S Ningthoujam, T Chingkheinganba, S K Chakraborty, A Elngar, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, Praveen, S. Phani , Amit Gupta, Margala, Martin, “Performance Analysis for Molecular Communication Under Feedback Channel Using Multipath and Single Path Technique”, Pre-print, 2022.
36. Pankaj Chittora, Tulika Chakrabarti, Papiya Debnath, Amit Gupta, Prasun Chakrabarti, S Phani Praveen, Martin Margala, Ahmed A Elngar , “Experimental analysis of earthquake prediction using machine learning classifiers, curve fitting, and neural modeling”, Pre-print, 2022.
37. Umesh Agarwal, Abrar Ahmed Chhipa, Tulika Chakrabarti, Amit Gupta, S Phani Praveen, Prasun Chakrabarti, Neha Sharma, Ahmed A Elngar , “Reliability Evaluation of Radial Distribution Network for Educational purpose using Greedy Search Approach-Distribution Network Data and Results”, Pre-print, 2022.
38. Nagendra Singh, Manish Tiwari, Tulika Chakrabarti, Prasun Chakrabarti, Om Prakash Jena, Ahmed A Elngar, Vinayakumar Ravi, Martin Margala, “Minimization of Environmental Emission and cost of generation by using economic load dispatch”, Pre-print, 2022.
39. Akhilesh Deep Arya, Sourabh Singh Verma, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, Ahmed A Elngar, Mohammad Nami, Ali-Mohammad Kamali, “A Systematic Review on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques in the Effective Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease”, Pre-print, 2022.
40. Suchismita Gupta, Bikramjit Sarkar, Subhrajyoti Saha, Indranath Sarkar, Prasun Chakrabarti, Sudipta Sahana, Tulika Chakrabarti, Ahmed A Elngar, “A Novel Approach Toward the Prevention of the Side Channel Attacks for Enhancing the Network Security”, Pre-print, 2022.
41. Naveen S Pagad, N Pradeep, Tulika Chakrabarti, Prasun Chakrabarti, Ahmed A Elngar, Martin Margala, Mohammad Nami, Neha Sharma, Samuel Frimpong, “Clinical XLNet-based End-to-End Knowledge Discovery on Clinical Text Data using Natural Language Processing”, Pre-print, 2022
42. K Suvarna Vani, Bui Thanh Hung, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, Ahmed A Elngar, “Detection and Classification of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma using Artificial Intelligence”, Pre-print, 2022.
43. KS Balamurugan, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, Amit Gupta, Ahmed A Elngar, Mohammad Nami, Vinayakumar Ravi, Grienggrai Rajchakit, M Ali Akbar, “Improving the Performance of Diagnosing Chronic obstructive Lung Disease Using Outlier Detection with Decision Tree Algorithm”, Pre-print, 2022.
44. Ruhul Amin Hazarika, Arnab Kumar Maji, Debdatta Kandar, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, KS Jagannatha Rao, Jose Carvalho, Babak Kateb, Mohammad Nami, “An evaluation on changes in Hippocampus size for Cognitively Normal (CN), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients using Fuzzy Membership Function”, OSF Preprints, 2021.
45. Jitendra Shreemali, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, Sandeep Poddar, Daniel Sipple, Babak Kateb, Mohammad Nami, “A Machine Learning Perspective on Causes of Suicides and identification of Vulnerable Categories using Multiple Algorithms”, medRxiv, 2021.
46. Papiya Debnath, Pankaj Chittora, Tulika Chakrabarti, Prasun Chakrabarti, Zbigniew Leonowicz, Michal Jasinski , Radomir Gono, Elżbieta Jasińska, “Analysis of earthquake prediction in India using supervised machine learning classifiers”, Sustainibility ,13(2):971 , 2021.
47. Pankaj Chittora, Sandeep Chaurasia, Prasun Chakrabarti, Gaurav Kumawat, Tulika Chakrabarti, Zbigniew Leonowiz, Michael Jaisinski, Lukasz Jaisinski, Radomir Gono, Elzbieta Jaisinski, Vadim Bolshev, “Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease - A Machine Learning perspective", IEEE Access, 9 : 17312-17334,2021
48. Akhilesh Kumar Sharma, Gaurav Aggarwal, Sachit Bhardwaj, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti, Jemal Hussain, Siddhartha Bhattarcharyya, Richa Mishra, Anirban Das, Hairulnizam Mahdin, “Classification of Indian Classical Music with Time-Series Matching using Deep Learning”, IEEE Access , 9 : 102041-102052 , 2021.
49. Abrar Ahmed Chhipa , Vinod Kumar, R. R. Joshi, Prasun Chakrabarti, Michal Jaisinski, Alessandro Burgio, Zbigniew Leonowicz, Elzbieta Jasinska, Rajkumar Soni, Tulika Chakrabarti, “Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System Based Maximum Power Tracking Controller for Variable Speed WECS”, Energies ,14(19) :6275, 2021.
50. Tulika Chakrabarti, Sibabrata Mukhopadhyay, Prasun Chakrabarti, Gholamreza Hatam, Mohammad Nami, “Phenyl Ethanoid Glycoside from the bark of Oroxylum indicum vent : a potential inhibitor of DNA Topoisomerase IB of Leismania donovani”, Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies , 2021.
51. Sreemoy Kanti Das, GS Chakraborthy, Tulika Chakrabarti, Prasun Chakrabarti, Mohammad Javad Gholamzadeh, Mohammad Nami, “Evaluation of nootropic activity of standardized Epipremnum aureum extract against scopolamine-induced amnesia in experimental animals”, Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies , 6(1): 64-71,2021.
52. Prasun Chakrabarti , Tulika Chakrabarti , Mayank Sharma. , D Atre D, K.Baba Pai, “Quantification of Thought Analysis of Alcohol-addicted persons and memory loss of patients suffering from stage-4 liver cancer”, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1053, pp.1099-1105, 2020.
53. Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti , Biswajit Satpathy, I SenGupta , Jonathan Andrew Ware, “Analysis of strategic market management in the light of stochastic processes, recurrence relation, Abelian group and expectation”, Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, 1133 , pp.701-710, 2020.
54. Prasun Chakrabarti, Siddhant Bane, Biswajit Satpathy , Mark Goh , B N Datta , Tulika Chakrabarti, “Compound Poisson Process and its Applications in Business”, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 601, pp.678-685,2020.
55. Prasun Chakrabarti , Biswajit Satpathy, Siddhant Bane, Tulika Chakrabarti, N S Chaudhuri, Pierluigi Siano , “Business forecasting in the light of statistical approaches and machine learning classifiers”, Communications in Computer and Information Science , 1045, pp.13-21, 2019.
56. Manish Tiwari, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti , “Novel work of diagnosis in liver cancer using Tree classifier on liver cancer dataset ( BUPA liver disorder )” , Communications in Computer and Information Science , 837, pp.155-160, 2018.
57. Manish Tiwari, Prasun Chakrabarti, Tulika Chakrabarti , “Performance analysis and error evaluation towards the liver cancer diagnosis using lazy classifiers for ILPD”, Communications in Computer and Information Science , 837, pp.161-168,2018.
58. Prasun Chakrabarti, Manish Tiwari, Tulika Chakrabarti, “Performance Vector analysis in context to liver cancer-A Support Vector Machine Approach with a survey on the latest Perspectives of Chemistry in liver cancer treatment”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 14(9):1238,2016.
59. A. Uthiramoorthy, A. Bhardwaj, J. Singh, K. Pant, M. Tiwari and J. L. A. Gonzáles, "A Comprehensive review on Data Mining Techniques in managing the Medical Data cloud and its security constraints with the maintained of the communication networks," 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC), Greater Noida, India, 2023, pp. 618-623.
60. D. S. Das, D. Gangodkar, R. Singh, P. Vijay, A. Bhardwaj and A. Semwal, "Comparative Analysis of Skin Cancer Prediction using Neural Networks and Transfer Learning," 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), Uttar Pradesh, India, 2022, pp. 367-371.
61. A. Chaturvedi, A. Bhardwaj, D. Singh, B. Pant, J. L. A. Gonzáles and F. A., "Integration of DL on Multi-Carrier Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System with Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer," 2022 11th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART), Moradabad, India, 2022, pp. 640-643.
Published
2023-06-12
How to Cite
S. Silvia Priscila, S. Suman Rajest, R. Regin, Shynu T, & Steffi. R. (2023). Classification of Satellite Photographs Utilizing the K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm. CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, 4(6), 53-71. Retrieved from https://cajmtcs.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMTCS/article/view/473
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